语态是一种形式,用来表示主语和谓语之间的关系,英语有两种语态,即主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如:
We speak Chinese.
我们说汉语。(主动语态)
Chinese is spoken by us.
我们说汉语。(被动语态)
1.动词被动语态的构成
被动语态由助动词be+过去分词构成。助动词be有人称、数和时态的变化,变化规则和be作系动词时完全一样。现以te.例,将一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时和现在完成时等中学学过的四种时态的被动形式列表如下:
被动语态的否定形式是在助动词或第一个助动词后加not,疑问形式是把助动词或第一个助动词移到主语前面。
举例如下:
①一般现在时
English is spoken by many people.
许多人说英语。
The Great Wall is well known all over the world.
长城闻名于世界。
②一般过去时
The speech was made by a foreigner.
这个演讲是由外国人做的。
My hometown was liberated in 1949.
我的家乡是1949年解放的。
③一般将来时
We shall be asked to attend the meeting by the chairman.
我们将被主席邀请参加会议。
A new school will be built in that village soon.
一个新学校在那个村庄很快就要建成了。
④现在完成时
A lot of new buildings have been set up in the last few years.
近几年建了很多新楼房。
2.动词被动语态的用法
(1)当我们不知道或没有必要说明谁是动作的执行者时,用被动语态。如:
His bike has been stolen.
他的自行车被人偷走了。
I was told that you were late this morning.
我听说你今天早上迟到了。
(2)强调或突出动作的承受者时,用被动语态。如:
The plan has already been made.
计划已经制定好了。
This problem will be solved soon.
这个问题很快会解决。
3.由主动语态变为被动语态的方法
(1)主动结构的宾语变为被动结构的主语。
(2)主动结构的谓语动词由主动语态变为被动语态。
(3)主动结构的主语变为介词by的宾语,组成介词短语,放在被动结构中谓语动词之后。
也可省略。如:
主动结构:
I teach English in that school.
主语 谓语 宾语
被动结构:
English is taught(by me) in that school
主语 谓语 介词宾语
4.几种不同类型的被动语态
(1)含有直接宾语和间接宾语的主动结构,变为被动结构时,可将一个宾语变为主语,另一个保留不动。一般是主动结构的间接宾语变为被动结构的主语。如：
The doctor gave （the patient） some （advice）.医生给病人一些建议。(主动结构)
间接宾语 直接宾语
The patient was given some advice( by the doctor).(被动结构)
Some advice was given to the patient( by the doctor).(被动结构)
(2)含有复合宾语的主动结构,变为被动结构时,可将宾语变为主语,宾语补语保留不动。如:
Everybody called her Big Sister.每个人都叫她大姐姐。(主动结构)
宾语 宾补
She was called Big Sister(by everybody).(被动结构)
She asked me to make her a new evening dress(主动结构)
她要我给她做一件晚礼服。
I was asked to make her a new evening dress.(被动结构)
在主动语态中,see, watch, notice, look at,hear, listen to,make,have,let等感官动词和使役动词后面的宾补,如是不定式,则要省去to,当转换为被动语态时,to不能省。如：
Her father saw her go out.(主动结构)
她父亲看见她出去了。
She was seen to go out( by her father).(被动结构)
We made him do it(主动结构)
我们要他做。
He was made to do it.(被动结构)
(3)含有情态动词的被动语态。含有情态动词的被动语态是由“情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。如:
He can repair the lock in three days(主动结构)
他能三天内修好这锁。
The lock can be repaired in three days.(被动结构)
这锁三天之内就修好了。
(4)短语动词的被动语态。一般来说只有及物动词才有被动语态,因为只有及物动词才有动作的承受者。但有许多由不及物动词加介词构成的短语动词,相当于及物动词,可以有介词宾语,因而也可以有被动语态。但应注意短语动词是一个不可分割的整体,在变为被动语态时,不能丢掉构成短语动词的介词或副词。如:
She has sent for the doctor.(主动结构)
她巳派人去请医生。
A doctor has been sent for.(被动结构)
已派人去请医生。
We have never heard of such a thing before.(主动结构)
我们以前从未听过这样的事。
Such a thing has never been heard of before.(被动结构)
这样的事以前从未听说过。
